Dilawer Khan, Musawer Hamad Khan, Muhammad Bilal, Hameed Ullah Khan, Shafiq Ur Rehman Khan, & Alishba Khalid. (2026). Machine Learning-Based Classification of Encrypted VPN and Non-VPN Traffic with Temporal Features Analysis. International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology, 8(3), 44–62. https://doi.org/10.33411/IJIST/1800