Advancements in Irrigation System in District Charsadda Through Latest Technique
Keywords:
Rainfed areas, Water distribution, Arid region, Irrigated landAbstract
More than half of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's agricultural land is irrigated, while the other half relies on rainwater for irrigation, making it one of the aridest regions in Pakistan. Agriculture, especially in rain-fed regions, relies on effective water management to ensure its long-term sustainability. This research was conducted in Charsada KPK and an effort was made for utilization of available water efficiently. In this regard it was found that the land dependent upon rainy water reduced with passage of time due to enhancing the distributries throughout the region that lead to enhanced production and finally a healthy contribution in regional economy.
References
M. A. Hamna Butt, Sadia Sheikh , Hafsah Batool, “Sowing Dates Effect on Production of High Yielding Maize Varieties,” Int. J. Agric. Sustain. Dev., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 116–124, 2021.
G. E. Petts and A. M. Gurnell, “Dams and geomorphology : Research progress and future directions,” vol. 71, pp. 27–47, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.02.015.
J. A. Burney, R. L. Naylor, and S. L. Postel, “The case for distributed irrigation as a development priority in sub-Saharan Africa,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 110, no. 31, pp. 12513–12517, Jul. 2013, doi: 10.1073/PNAS.1203597110/ASSET/494CAB11-0AA1-4FC2-B6D9-0109DC624471/ASSETS/GRAPHIC/PNAS.1203597110FIG02.JPEG.
Y. Gao et al., “Impacts of river impoundment on the riverine water chemistry composition and their response to chemical weathering rate,” 2013, doi: 10.1007/s11707-013-0366-y.
T. Torgersen, B. Branco, and J. Bean, “Chemical Retention Processes in Ponds,” vol. 21, no. 2, 2004.
P. B. R. Hazell, “The Asian green revolution,” Food Secur. Vol. Two – Prod. enough food, Part One – Sources Agric. growth, no. November 2009, 2014, [Online]. Available: http://ifpri.worldcat.org/title/food-security/oclc/871340599%5Cnhttp://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll5/id/4748
J. A. Harrison et al., “The regional and global significance of nitrogen removal in lakes and reservoirs,” pp. 143–157, 2009, doi: 10.1007/s10533-008-9272-x.
F. T. Portmann, S. Siebert, and P. Döll, “MIRCA2000—Global monthly irrigated and rainfed crop areas around the year 2000: A new high-resolution data set for agricultural and hydrological modeling,” Global Biogeochem. Cycles, vol. 24, no. 1, p. n/a-n/a, Mar. 2010, doi: 10.1029/2008GB003435.
H. B. Rubeena Asghar, Sabeela Asghar, “Pakistani Basmati Competitiveness in International Markets and its Macroeconomic Factors,” Int. J. Agric. Sustain. Dev., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 111–115, 2021.
S. A. Brandt, “Classification of geomorphological effects downstream of dams,” pp. 375–401, 2000.
B. Schultz, C. D. Thatte, and V. K. Labhsetwar, “Irrigation and drainage. Main contributors to global food production,” Irrig. Drain., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 263–278, Jul. 2005, doi: 10.1002/IRD.170.
G. Verstraeten, J. Poesen, G. Verstraeten, and J. Poesen, Progress in Physical Geography assessment of sediment yield Estimating trap efficiency of small reservoirs and ponds : methods and sediment yield. 2000. doi: 10.1177/030913330002400204.
S. Fan, L. Zhang, and X. Zhang, “Growth, inequality, and poverty in rural China: The role of public investments,” Res. Rep. Int. Food Policy Res. Inst., no. 125, pp. 1–72, 2002, doi: 10.2499/0896291286rr125.
S. Jin, J. Huang, R. Hu, and S. Rozelle, “The Creation and Spread of Technology and Total Factor Productivity in China’s Agriculture,” Am. J. Agric. Econ., vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 916–930, Nov. 2002, doi: 10.1111/1467-8276.00043.
B. M. Mali, “Capacity development for smallholder irrigation in Kenya,” Irrig. Drain., vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 332–340, Jul. 2008, doi: 10.1002/IRD.437.
D. Bacha, R. Namara, A. Bogale, and A. Tesfaye, “Impact of small-scale irrigation on household poverty: empirical evidence from the Ambo district in Ethiopia,” Irrig. Drain., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 1–10, Feb. 2011, doi: 10.1002/IRD.550.
F. Hagos, G. Jayasinghe, S. B. Awulachew, M. Loulseged, and A. D. Yilma, “Agricultural water management and poverty in Ethiopia,” Agric. Econ., vol. 43, no. SUPPL. 1, pp. 99–111, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1111/J.1574-0862.2012.00623.X.
R. E. Namara, G. Gebregziabher, M. Giordano, and C. De Fraiture, “Small pumps and poor farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa: an assessment of current extent of use and poverty outreach,” http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2014.847777, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 827–839, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.1080/02508060.2014.847777.
T. Shah, S. Verma, and P. Pavelic, “Understanding smallholder irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa: results of a sample survey from nine countries,” http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2013.843843, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 809–826, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.1080/02508060.2013.843843.
T. Amede, “Technical and institutional attributes constraining the performance of small-scale irrigation in Ethiopia,” Water Resour. Rural Dev., vol. 6, pp. 78–91, Nov. 2015, doi: 10.1016/J.WRR.2014.10.005.
T. Tolera, B. Legesse, M. Aman, and T. Etensa, “Economic Valuation of Improved Irrigation Water Use : The Case of Woliso Economic Valuation of Improved Irrigation Water Use : The Case of Woliso District , South West Shoa Zone , Oromia National Regional State , Ethiopia,” J. Econ. Sustain. Dev., vol. 8, no. 13, pp. 58–64, 2017.
G. Ayala, B. Muleta, and T. Geremu, “Assessment of Status of Irrigation Practice and Utilization in Western Hararghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia,” Civ. Environ. Res., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1–13, 2018.
S. Lata, “Impact of irrigation on agricultural development: A correlative analysis,” Adv. Asian Human-Environmental Res., pp. 315–347, 2019, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-00952-6_7/COVER.
M. Ashraf, M. A. Kahlown, and A. Ashfaq, “Impact of small dams on agriculture and groundwater development: A case study from Pakistan,” Agric. Water Manag., vol. 92, no. 1–2, pp. 90–98, Aug. 2007, doi: 10.1016/J.AGWAT.2007.05.007.
A. S. Brainard and G. W. Fairchild, “Sediment characteristics and accumulation rates in constructed ponds,” vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 425–432, 2012, doi: 10.2489/jswc.67.5.425.
“Development statistics of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,” Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development., 2016.
W. H. Nowlin, J. L. Evarts, and M. J. Vanni, “Release rates and potential fates of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments in a eutrophic reservoir,” pp. 301–322, 2005, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01316.x.
GoKP, “Palai Dam project, feasibility report. Irrigation department, small Dams directorate, Peshawar,” 1994.
S. H. Anila Arif, Kashif Shafique, Khuram Ahmad Khan, “Policy Analytics-Insights from Pakistan and India Water Policies,” Int. J. Agric. Sustain. Dev., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 103–110, 2021.
K. Karlsson, M. Viklander, L. Scholes, and M. Revitt, “Heavy metal concentrations and toxicity in water and sediment from stormwater ponds and sedimentation tanks,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 178, no. 1–3, pp. 612–618, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.129.
W. F. Smith-vaniz, “Rotenone : An Essential but Demonized Tool for Assessing Marine Fish Diversity,” vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 165–170, 2008.
M. J. Nasir, A. S. Khan, S. Alam, and S. Akhtar, “Impacts of Palai Dam on Land use and Cropping Pattern of Mouza Qilla, District Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan,” Sarhad J. Agric., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 80–89, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.17582/JOURNAL.SJA/2017.33.1.80.89.
