Urban Noise, Green Space Accessibility, and Mental Health Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study in Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract

Urbanization in rapidly growing cities like Lahore has intensified environmental stressors such as noise pollution and reduced green space availability, contributing to poor mental health outcomes. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship between urban noise levels, green space accessibility, and psychological well-being, measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). Data were collected from 400 adult residents across noise exposure zones classified as low (<50 dB), moderate (50–65 dB), and high (>65 dB) using calibrated sound level meters and validated questionnaires. Results revealed a significant positive association between noise exposure and depression (r = .62, p < .001), anxiety (r = .57, p < .001), and stress (r = .64, p < .001) scores. Conversely, green space accessibility was inversely correlated with depression scores (r = –.55, p < .001), with residents living in areas with >25% green coverage reporting notably lower psychological distress. Regression analysis indicated that noise levels and green space accessibility jointly explained 48% of the variance in depression scores. Findings underscore the need for integrated urban planning strategies that mitigate noise pollution and enhance green infrastructure to promote mental health resilience in densely populated urban environments.