Evolving Cosmetic Regulations in the World
Keywords:
Cosmetic Regulation, FDA, ICCR, ISO, Global Classification Systems, ASEAN Cosmetics DirectivesAbstract
Cosmetic products are an integral part of our daily lives and are found across all cultures, promoting cleanliness and beauty enhancement. Due to the increasing use of cosmetic products worldwide, this sector has expanded significantly, raising numerous concerns regarding consumer safety and rights. Cosmetic regulations now represent an important science-based tool for ensuring consumer safety through risk assessment. This regulatory framework helps ensure consumer safety and supports environmental health through ongoing safety assessments and compliance monitoring. Over the years, the regulatory bodies have evolved significantly and made rapid advancements in three primary interconnected directions: better pre-market surveillance; reduced use of animal models for testing toxic chemicals in products; and stricter criteria for ingredient selection and sourcing (for instance, micro-plastics and PFAS) that illustrate increasing concerns about long-term, consumer-level impacts on the population. This review focuses on the evolution of cosmetic regulations, including global classification and the scientific basis of rules. We first review the established contemporary scientific basis of cosmetic regulation. It should also define international standards that classify products as therapeutic drugs, cosmetics, or both (commonly known as cosmeceuticals). The standard should be important and understood by the manufacturer, the scientific society, as well as the government.
References
Y. Y. B. Han, J. Chong, Z. Sun, X. Jiang, Q. Xiao, J. Zech, P. Roberts, H. Rao, “The rise of the cosmetic industry in ancient China: Insights from a 2700-year-old face cream,” Archaeometry, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/arcm.12659
C. Cobbold, “The Introduction of Chemical Dyes into Food in the Nineteenth Century,” https://doi.org/10.1086/708969, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 142–161, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1086/708969.
Andrea T. Borchers, Frank Hagie, “The history and contemporary challenges of the US Food and Drug Administration,” Clin Ther, pp. 1–16, 2007, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17379043/
“An Overview of How the FDA Regulates Carcinogens Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act on JSTOR.” Accessed: Feb. 04, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26657941
Kathleen R. McNamara, “Transforming Europe? The EU’s industrial policy and geopolitical turn,” J. Eur. Public Policy, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 2371–2396, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13501763.2023.2230247
A. Akram, R. Gaur, I. Singh, and S. B. Chauhan, “Dermocosmetic Bioactive: Safety Assessment and Regulatory Challenges,” Curr. Drug Saf., 2025, doi: 10.2174/0115748863360706250508050957.
A. D. P. M. Canavez, G. de Oliveira Prado Corrêa, V. L. B. Isaac, D. C. Schuck, and M. Lorencini, “Integrated approaches to testing and assessment as a tool for the hazard assessment and risk characterization of cosmetic preservatives,” J. Appl. Toxicol., vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 1687–1699, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1002/jat.4156.
Jeroen van der Heijden, “Risk as an Approach to Regulatory Governance: An Evidence Synthesis and Research Agenda,” Sage Journals, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/21582440211032202
G. Baki, “Introduction to cosmetic formulation and technology,” p. 796, 2023, Accessed: Feb. 04, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Introduction+to+Cosmetic+Formulation+and+Technology%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9781119709770
Andreia Almeida, Bruno Sarmento, “Insights on in vitro models for safety and toxicity assessment of cosmetic ingredients,” Int. J. Pharm., vol. 519, no. 1–2, pp. 178–185, 2017, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28104405/
A. R. M. E. Meek, “Guidelines for application of chemical-specific adjustment factors in dose/concentration–response assessment,” Toxicology, vol. 181–182, pp. 115–120, 2002, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0300483X02002652
C. J. Borgert, C. Fuentes, “Principles of dose-setting in toxicology studies: the importance of kinetics for ensuring human safety,” Arch. Toxicol., vol. 95, no. 12, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34623454/
L. C. Abbott and A. D. Maynard, “Exposure assessment approaches for engineered nanomaterials,” Risk Anal., vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1634–1644, Nov. 2010, doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01446.x.
S L Nightingale, “Drug regulation and policy formulation,” Milbank Mem Fund Q Heal. Soc, vol. 59, no. 3, 1981, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7024847/
Navya Reddy, Barry Lynch, “Regulatory landscape of alternatives to animal testing in food safety evaluations with a focus on the western world,” Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, vol. 143, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37591329/
Katerina Stoykova, “Towards Non-Animal Testing in European Regulatory Toxicology: An Introduction to the REACH Framework and Challenges in Implementing the 3Rs,” Eur. J. Risk Regul., vol. 16, no. 3, 2025, [Online]. Available: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-risk-regulation/article/towards-nonanimal-testing-in-european-regulatory-toxicology-an-introduction-to-the-reach-framework-and-challenges-in-implementing-the-3rs/A6E22DA7D85EB03886BFDC121EA1E88A
Clare Shelley Egan Diana Megan Bowman, “The Challenge of Distributing Regulatory Responsibilities for Unknown Risks: ’Nano’-Cosmetics and the EU Cosmetics Regulation as a Case Study,” J. Clin. Res. Bioeth., vol. 6, no. 2, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283730801_The_Challenge_of_Distributing_Regulatory_Responsibilities_for_Unknown_Risks_’Nano’-Cosmetics_and_the_EU_Cosmetics_Regulation_as_a_Case_Study
A. C. Santos et al., “Nanotechnology for the development of new cosmetic formulations,” Expert Opin. Drug Deliv., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 313–330, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1585426.
Vaibhav Gupta, Sradhanjali Mohapatra, “Nanotechnology in Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals—A Review of Latest Advancements,” Gels, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 173, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/8/3/173
D. H. Shastri, S. Gandhi, and H. Almeida, “Enhancing Collaboration and Interdisciplinary Strategies for Navigating Innovative Technologies and Regulatory Approvals in the Cosmetic Industry,” Curr. Cosmet. Sci., vol. 03, no. 1, p. E26667797324383, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.2174/0126667797324383240913033156.
Sheila Jasanoff, “Transparency in public science purposes, reasons, limits,” Law Contemp. Probl., vol. 69, no. 3, 2006, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228141200_Transparency_in_Public_Science_Purposes_Reasons_Limits
S. R. Milstein, A. R. Halper, and L. M. Katz, “Definition of Cosmetics,” Handb. Cosmet. Sci. Technol. Second Ed., pp. 815–832, Jan. 2005, doi: 10.1201/b14400-67.
M. Manteghi, “European Cosmetics Industry: Main Aspects and Regulation,” SSRN Electron. J., Dec. 2017, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3082290.
A. M. Mariana Ferreira, “Overview of Cosmetic Regulatory Frameworks around the World,” Cosmetics, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 72, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/9/4/72
J. H. Hertenstein and M. B. Platt, “Performance Measures and Management Control in New Product Development,” Account. Horizons, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 303–323, Sep. 2000, doi: 10.2308/acch.2000.14.3.303.
“The beauty industry boom: Can growth be maintained? | McKinsey.” Accessed: Feb. 04, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/the-beauty-boom-and-beyond-can-the-industry-maintain-its-growth
A. Axmon, L. Rylander, “Safety assessment of personal care products/cosmetics and their ingredients,” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., vol. 243, no. 2, pp. 239–259, 2010, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X09005018
Pierfrancesco Morganti, Silvio Paglialunga, “EU borderline cosmetic products review of current regulatory status,” Clin Dermatol, vol. 26, no. 4, 2008, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18691521/
G. W. Conk, “Is There a Design Defect in the Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability?,” Yale Law J., vol. 109, no. 5, pp. 1087–1133, 2000, doi: 10.2307/797484.
Debra J. Aron, Edward P. Lazear, “The introduction of new products,” Am. Econ. Rev., vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 421–426, 1990, [Online]. Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2006612
Paraskevi Kalofiri, Foteini Biskanaki, “Endocrine Disruptors in Cosmetic Products and the Regulatory Framework: Public Health Implications,” Cosmetics, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 160, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/10/6/160
S. Sarkar, A. Pandey, and A. B. Pant, “Regulatory Requirements for Safety/Toxicity Assessment of Cosmetics/Nanocosmetic Products: Challenges and Opportunities,” Ski. 3-D Model. Cosmet. Toxic., pp. 149–176, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1007/978-981-99-2804-0_9.
R. H. McQueen, J. E. Kowton, and L. M. Degenstein, “More than Just Appearance: Management of Clothing-Related Odor in Everyday Life,” Fash. Pract., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 300–325, 2023, doi: 10.1080/17569370.2022.2062830.
Jean Knight, Costanza Rovida, “Continuing animal tests on cosmetic ingredients for REACH in the EU,” ALTEX, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 653–668, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402521/
“Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022 (MoCRA) | FDA.” Accessed: Feb. 05, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/modernization-cosmetics-regulation-act-2022-mocra
Daniela Vieira, Joana Duarte, “Regulation and Safety of Cosmetics: Pre- and Post-Market Considerations for Adverse Events and Environmental Impacts,” Cosmetics, vol. 11, no. 6, p. 184, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/11/6/184
“FDA Regulation of Cosmetics and Personal Care Products Under the Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022 (MoCRA) | Congress.gov | Library of Congress.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R47826
Linda M. Katz, Kathleen M. Lewis, “Regulation of Cosmetics in the United States,” Dermatol Clin, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 307–318, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35750414/
Orsola Crespi, François Rosset, “Cosmeceuticals for Anti-Aging: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Regulatory Insights—A Comprehensive Review,” Cosmetics, vol. 12, no. 5, p. 209, 2025, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/12/5/209
WALLACK, GRACE, “Rethinking FDA’S regulation of cosmetics,” Harvard J. Legis., vol. 56, no. 1, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A6%3A26730598/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A136432333&crl=c&link_origin=www.google.com
Jamal Eldin, F M Ibrahim, “An Overview on the Role of Government Initiatives in Nanotechnology Innovation for Sustainable Economic Development and Research Progress,” Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 1250, 2025, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/3/1250
Silvia Morel, Simona Sapino, “Regulatory Requirements for Exporting Cosmetic Products to Extra-EU Countries,” Cosmetics, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 62, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/10/2/62
J. Castro-Silva, “The deepening of the Pacific Alliance’s commercial agenda: The role of policy networks in regulatory governance,” Lat. Am. Policy, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 91–108, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1111/lamp.12281.
Luna, Laurenzia., Christabelle, Vanesa., Wijaya, Vicanty., &Elsputri, Virginia Chieko.2026. Skincare Product Safety Regulations in Indonesia and Asian Countries within the Framework of International Legal Standards. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Kyadiren7(2), 797-817-796. https://doi.org/10.46924/jihk.v7i2.346
Neeranard Jinachai, Puree Anantachoti, “ASEAN Harmonisation; Compliance of Cosmetics Regulatory Scheme in Thailand within 5 Years,” IOSR J. Humanit. Soc. Sci., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 46–54, 2014, [Online].
Bernadene Magnuson, Ian Munro, Peter Abbot, Nigel Baldwin, Rebeca Lopez-Garcia, Karen Ly, Larry McGirr, Ashley Roberts, Susan Socolovsky, “Review of the regulation and safety assessment of food substances in various countries and jurisdictions,” Food Addit. Contam. Part A. Chem. Anal. Control. Expo. Risk Assess., vol. 30, no. 7, 2013, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23781843/
Ivan J Boyer, Wilma F Bergfeld, Bart Heldreth, Monice M Fiume, Lillian J Gill, “The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Program-Expert Safety Assessments of Cosmetic Ingredients in an Open Forum,” Int. J. Toxicol., 2017, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29025345/
David Demortain, “Regulatory Toxicology in Controversy,” Sci. Technol. Hum. Values, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 727–748, 2013, [Online]. Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43671154
J. Fan et al., “In Vivo Biocompatibility and Improved Compression Strength of Reinforced Keratin/Hydroxyapatite Scaffold,” Tissue Eng. Regen. Med., vol. 15, no. 2, p. 145, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s13770-017-0083-9.
Matthias G. Wacker, Ana Proykova, Gustavo Mendes Lima Santos, “Dealing with nanosafety around the globe—Regulation vs. innovation,” Int. J. Pharm., vol. 509, no. 1–2, pp. 95–106, 2016, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378517316303854
D. C. . Montgomery, “Introduction to statistical quality control,” Wiley, p. 5, 2020, Accessed: Feb. 06, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Introduction+to+Statistical+Quality+Control%2C+8th+Edition-p-9781119399308
“Total Quality Control (TQC) | Britannica.” Accessed: Feb. 06, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Total-Quality-Control
Alessandra Vecchi, Louis Brennan, “Quality management: a cross-cultural perspective,” Emerald Gr. Publ. Ltd., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 149–164, 2009, [Online].
Sean R. Gallagher, Emily A. Wiley, “Current Protocols Essential Laboratory Techniques,” John Wiley Sons, p. 672, 2012, [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/Current_Protocols_Essential_Laboratory_T.html?id=iRW2EAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
M. Shephard, “A practical guide to global point-of-care testing,” 2016.
R W Peeling, D Mabey, “Point-of-care tests for diagnosing infections in the developing world,” Clin Microbiol Infect, vol. 16, no. 8, 2010, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20670288/
World Health Organization, “First WHO Model List of Essential in Vitro Diagnostics,” p. 73, 2019, Accessed: Feb. 06, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com/books/about/First_WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_In_Vit.html?id=CnOyDwAAQBAJ
May O. Lwin, “Comparative Practices of Food Label Claims from U.S., E.U. and Selected Southeast Asian Countries,” J. Consum. Mark., vol. 32, no. 7, 2015, [Online].
Alexandra Jones, Bruce Neal, “Front-of-pack nutrition labelling to promote healthier diets: current practice and opportunities to strengthen regulation worldwide,” BMJ Glob. Heal., vol. 4, no. 6, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://gh.bmj.com/content/4/6/e001882
S. K. ROSENFELD and M. P. SPRINCE, “An Attempt To Formulate The Meaning Of The Concept ‘Borderline,’” Psychoanal. Study Child, vol. 18, pp. 603–635, 1963, doi: 10.1080/00797308.1963.11822944.
Nupur Chowdhury, “Limits to the legal deliberation of science questions: A case study of borderline medical products in Europe,” Pharm. Policy Law, vol. 14, pp. 157–175, 2012, [Online].
L. F. Hogle, “Claims and disclaimers: whose expertise counts?,” Med. Anthropol., vol. 21, no. 3–4, pp. 275–306, 2002, doi: 10.1080/01459740214077.
“Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 - classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP) | Safety and health at work EU-OSHA.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://osha.europa.eu/en/legislation/directives/regulation-ec-no-1272-2008-classification-labelling-and-packaging-of-substances-and-mixtures
J. C. Balzano, “China Food and Drug Law,” 2024, doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-61901-4.
Kaori Nomura, Taro Kojima, “Identifying drug substances of screening tool for older persons’ appropriate prescriptions for Japanese,” BMC Geriatr., vol. 18, no. 1, p. 154, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29969992/
J. F. Howlett, “The regulation of preservatives in the European community,” Food Addit. Contam., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 607–614, 1992, doi: 10.1080/02652039209374114.
“MoCRA Is Here—Now What? Unpacking Litigation and Regulatory Risk for Cosmetics Brands Following MoCRA’s Enactment - Food and Drug Law Institute (FDLI).” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.fdli.org/2023/02/mocra-is-here-now-what-unpacking-litigation-and-regulatory-risk-for-cosmetics-brands-following-mocras-enactment/
“Cosmetics Regulations in China for Foreign Brands.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.vvrinternational.com/en/cosmetics-regulations-in-china-what-foreign-brands-need-to-know/
“Food preservatives and their action,” Nature, vol. 114, no. 2864, p. 448, 1924, doi: 10.1038/114448a0.
M.J. Scotter, “Overview of EU regulations and safety assessment for food colours,” Colour Addit. Foods Beverages, pp. 61–74, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9781782420118000039
B.P. Harp, J.N. Barrows, “US regulation of color additives in foods,” Colour Addit. Foods Beverages, pp. 75–88, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9781782420118000040
L. Keener, “Food safety and regulatory survey of food additives and other substances in human food,” Ensuring Glob. Food Saf. (Second Ed., pp. 259–273, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9780128160114000057
“EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement.” Accessed: Feb. 21, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/japan/eu-japan-agreement/eu-japan-agreement-chapter-chapter_en
H Spielmann, M Balls, J Dupuis, W J Pape, O de Silva, H G Holzhütter, F Gerberick, M Liebsch, W W Lovell, U Pfannenbecker, “A Study on UV Filter Chemicals from Annex VII of European Union Directive 76/768/EEC, in the In Vitro 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test,” Altern Lab Anim, 1998, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26042493/
Nina Sabzevari, Sultan Qiblawi, Scott A. Norton, David Fivenson, “Sunscreens: UV filters to protect us: Part 1: Changing regulations and choices for optimal sun protection,” Int. J. Women’s Dermatology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 28–44, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352647520301209
C. Liao and K. Kannan, “Widespread Occurrence of Benzophenone-Type UV Light Filters in Personal Care Products from China and the United States: An Assessment of Human Exposure,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 4103–4109, Apr. 2014, doi: 10.1021/es405450n.
Mirabelle M.P. Tsui, H. W. Leung, “Occurrence, distribution and ecological risk assessment of multiple classes of UV filters in surface waters from different countries,” Water Res., vol. 67, pp. 55–65, 2014, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135414006423
B. Lindeman and V. Ritz, “Regulation and Risk Management of Endocrine Disruptors: Current Status and Future Perspectives,” Issues Toxicol., vol. 2021-January, no. 42, pp. 495–511, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1039/9781839160738-00495.
N. Weinberg, D. Nelson, K. Sellers, and J. Byrd, “Insights from TSCA Reform: a Case for Identifying New Emerging Contaminants,” Curr. Pollut. Reports 2019 54, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 215–227, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s40726-019-00117-4.
L. D. Hairong Liang, Jian Gong, Kairu Zhou, “Removal efficiencies and risk assessment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals at two wastewater treatment plants in South China,” Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 225, p. 112758, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651321008708
Yasuhiko Kubota, “Experience with the chemical substances control law in Japan,” Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 256–268, 1979, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0147651379900162
Davi R. Munhoz, Paula Harkes, “Microplastics: A Review of Policies and Responses,” Microplastics, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–26, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8929/2/1/1
Dieter Drohmann, “Microplastics ∙ Regulating Microplastics: The Global Status on Microbeads Control Legislation in Cosmetics & Personal Care Products,” Int. Chem. Regul. Law Rev., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 79–86, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://icrl.lexxion.eu/article/ICRL/2018/2/7
Jiajia Wang, Lixia Zheng, Jinhui Li, “A critical review on the sources and instruments of marine microplastics and prospects on the relevant management in China,” Waste Manag Res, vol. 36, no. 10, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30132746/
Akira Hibiki, “Recycling Laws and Their Evaluation in Japan,” Introd. to Environ. Econ. Policy Japan, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-97-2187-0_7
F. Y. L. Zhe Su, “Final Publication of the ‘Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics’ and New Prospectives of Cosmetic Science in China,” Cosmetics, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 98, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/7/4/98
T. Khinvasara, N. Tzenios, and A. Shankar, “Post-Market Surveillance of Medical Devices Using AI,” J. Complement. Altern. Med. Res., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 108–122, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.9734/jocamr/2024/v25i7552.
Lucie Novoveská, Michael E Ross, Michele S Stanley, Rémi Pradelles, Virginie Wasiolek, Jean-François Sassi, “Microalgal Carotenoids: A Review of Production, Current Markets, Regulations, and Future Direction,” Mar Drugs, vol. 17, no. 11, p. 640, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31766228/
M. Abualhasan, L. Naffa, R. Alarda, B. Zahi, A. Amireh, and M. Al-Atrash, “Heavy metal and microbial testing of selected cosmetic products in the Palestinian market,” J. Environ. Sci. Heal. Part C, Toxicol. Carcinog., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2024, doi: 10.1080/26896583.2023.2281199.
J. H. Hotchkiss, “Food-packaging interactions influencing quality and safety,” Food Addit. Contam., vol. 14, no. 6–7, pp. 601–607, 1997, doi: 10.1080/02652039709374572.
Jean Ruegg, Valérie November, “CCTV, Risk Management and Regulation Mechanisms in Publicly-Used Places: a Discussion Based on Swiss Examples,” Surveill. Soc., 2002, [Online]. Available: https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/3386
Tim Ken Mackey, Alan K Jarmusch, Qing Xu, Kunyang Sun, Aileen Lu, Shaden Aguirre, Jessica Lim, Simran Bhakta, Pieter C Dorrestein, “Multifactor Quality and Safety Analysis of Antimicrobial Drugs Sold by Online Pharmacies That Do Not Require a Prescription: Multiphase Observational, Content Analysis, and Product Evaluation Study,” JMIR Public Heal. Surveill., vol. 8, no. 12, p. e41834, 2022.
Hideharu Shintani, “Validation Studies for Microbial Contamination and Control of Contaminants,” Biocontrol Sci, vol. 20, no. 3, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26412695/
World Health Organization 2023, “Quality assurance of pharmaceuticals: a compendium of guidelines and related materials, tenth edition. Volume 2. Good manufacturing practices and inspection,” vol. 2, pp. 1–1325, 2023.
L. Noah, “The Imperative to Warn: Disentangling the ‘Right to Know’ from the ‘Need to Know’ about Consumer Product Hazards,” 1994. Accessed: Feb. 06, 2026. [Online]. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13051/7907
Sameer Kumar, Erin M. Budin, “Prevention and management of product recalls in the processed food industry: a case study based on an exporter’s perspective,” Technovation, vol. 26, no. 5–6, pp. 739–750, 2006, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166497205000817
Jayarathne, Shashini, “The Evolution of the Beauty Industry : A theoretical study exploring the evolution of beauty from ancient Egypt to the present (2024) focusing on the recent changes in technology and sustainability in the beauty industry,” Theseus J., 2024, [Online]. Available: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/873097
Lucy Meigs, Lena Smirnova, Costanza Rovida, Marcel Leist, Thomas Hartung, “Animal testing and its alternatives - the most important omics is economics,” ALTEX, vol. 35, no. 3, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30008008/
A. Vashishat, P. Patel, G. Das Gupta, and B. Das Kurmi, “Alternatives of Animal Models for Biomedical Research: a Comprehensive Review of Modern Approaches,” Stem cell Rev. reports, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 881–899, May 2024, doi: 10.1007/s12015-024-10701-x.
Ruchi Khobragade, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, “Nanotechnology-Enhanced Sunscreens: Balancing Efficacy, Safety, and Environmental Impact,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 17, no. 8, p. 1080, 2025, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/17/8/1080
Anelise Leal Vieira Cubas, Ritanara Tayane Bianchet, “Plastics and Microplastic in the Cosmetic Industry: Aggregating Sustainable Actions Aimed at Alignment and Interaction with UN Sustainable Development Goals,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 21, p. 4576, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/21/4576
B. I. Ashiwaju, O. F. Orikpete, A. A. Fawole, E. Y. Alade, and C. Odogwu, “A Step toward Sustainability: A Review of Biodegradable Packaging in the Pharmaceutical Industry,” Matrix Sci. Pharma, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 73–84, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.4103/mtsp.mtsp_22_23.
Muhammad Tayyab Arshad, Sammra Maqsood, “Integrating Microbiomes for Regenerative Food Systems: Recent Insights, Implementations, and Emerging Trends,” Food Sci Nutr, vol. 131, no. 12, p. e71312, 2025, [Online]. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12670133/
Spruha Joshi, Grishma Brahmbhatt, “Regulatory Challenges in Cross-Border Supply Chains,” SSRN, 2025, [Online]. Available: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5207622
J. L. Pomeranz, E. M. Broad Leib, and D. Mozaffarian, “Regulation of Added Substances in the Food Supply by the Food and Drug Administration Human Foods Program,” Am. J. Public Health, vol. 114, no. 10, p. 1061, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2024.307755.
K. K. S. Stavrakidis, “Probiotics: Benefits on Skin Health and Therapeutical Potential,” Sveučilište u Rijeci, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://repository.medri.uniri.hr/en/object/medri:8712
M. P. Fitzgerald, K. Russo Donovan, J. Kees, and J. Kozup, “How confusion impacts product labeling perceptions,” J. Consum. Mark., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 306–316, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1108/JCM-08-2017-2307.
A. J. Gilchrist, “Making Quality Cosmetics: Good Manufacturing Practice and ISO 22716:2007,” Mak. Qual. Cosmet. Good Manuf. Pract. ISO 227162007, pp. 1–296, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1039/9781839166396.
K. L. Aisha Al Azawei, “The management of good manufacturing practice (GMP) inspections: a scoping review of the evidence,” Front. Med., vol. 12, 2025, [Online]. Available:https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1687864/full
N. B. Aurora Bas, “Understanding the Development, Standardization, and Validation Process of Alternative In Vitro Test Methods for Regulatory Approval from a Researcher Perspective,” Small, vol. 15, p. e2006027, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33480475/
Deepak Kumar Gupta, Akhilesh Tiwari, “Ensuring safety and efficacy in combination products: regulatory challenges and best practices,” Front. Med. Technol., vol. 6, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medical-technology/articles/10.3389/fmedt.2024.1377443/full
F. Schiavone and M. Simoni, “Strategic marketing approaches for the diffusion of innovation in highly regulated industrial markets: the value of market access,” J. Bus. Ind. Mark., vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 1606–1618, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1108/JBIM-08-2018-0232.
W. Greg Miller, Neil Greenberg, “Harmonization and Standardization: Where Are We Now?,” J. Appl. Lab. Med., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 510–521, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33241270/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 50sea
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
