Analyzing the Impact of Smog on Human Health in District Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract

Smog is a term used to describe pollution suspended in humid air, consisting of dust particles of various sizes, non-metal oxides, organic compounds, and heavy metals. Exposure to these toxic compounds, in addition to cigarette smoking, is a significant factor in the development of respiratory diseases. Smog is a visible form of air pollution that results from excessive emissions of primary pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). These pollutants react in the atmosphere to form harmful and carcinogenic secondary smog components. Airborne chemicals that adversely impact public health include ozone and particulate matter (PM) of various sizes—PM2.5, PM2.5–10, and PM10—as well as nitrogen oxides. Special attention is given to lead, carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO), with a focus on smaller dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) because they can penetrate the lower respiratory tract. This page explores the effects of atmospheric pollutants on the onset and exacerbation of respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. It also discusses legislative measures implemented in various countries to mitigate exposure to harmful air pollution. Based on the survey responses, it appears that the individual may be experiencing symptoms related to respiratory, skin, and cardiac conditions, such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. They have been diagnosed with several health issues, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, and ischemic heart disease. Diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays and arterial blood gas (ABG) tests are likely to have been performed during their hospital stay. The individual has reported experiencing symptoms and health effects associated with air pollution or smog during their hospitalization.