Assessment of Soil Fertility in Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan, using Geospatial Technologies

Israr- ul- Haq; Hafiza Huma Haider; Kashif Mahmood

Authors

Israr- ul- Haq Department of Geography, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Hafiza Huma Haider Department of Geography, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Kashif Mahmood Department of Geography, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Keywords:

Soil Fertility, Spatial Variability, Kriging Interpolation, Geographical Information System (GIS), Jhelum, Pakistan

Abstract

Soil fertility is a key factor influencing agricultural productivity and sustainability. This study evaluates the spatial distribution of essential soil chemical properties-pH, electrical conductivity (EC), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), organic matter (OM), and saturation percentage in Tehsil Jhelum, Pakistan. A total of 160 topsoil samples (0–15 cm depth) were collected using random sampling, with GPS coordinates recorded for each site. Laboratory analysis was conducted to assess the nutrient status of the soils, and Ordinary Kriging interpolation was used within a GIS framework to generate spatial distribution maps. The findings revealed notable variability across the region. Soil pH ranged from 4.3 to 7.8 (mean: 7.44), indicating mostly neutral to slightly alkaline conditions. EC values ranged from 0.49 to 1.40 dS/m, suggesting low to moderate salinity. Available phosphorus varied between 1.2 and 7.8 mg/kg, while available potassium ranged from 60 to 180 mg/kg, showing moderate fertility levels. Organic matter content was uniformly low (0.20–0.66%), with a mean of 0.42%, highlighting poor organic inputs. Saturation levels varied from 22% to 72%, displaying a layered spatial pattern. The spatial heterogeneity observed in soil nutrients underscores the need for site-specific nutrient management and precision agriculture practices. The generated maps serve as valuable tools for farmers, agronomists, and policymakers to make informed decisions aimed at improving crop productivity and maintaining soil health in the region.

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