Spatial Assessment of Atmospheric Contamination and Urban Heat Phenomenon in Urban Centers of Sindh, Pakistan

Syeda Zainy; Sheeba Afsar; Yasmeen Anis

Authors

Syeda Zainy Department of Geography, University of Karachi, Pakistan
Sheeba Afsar Department of Geography, University of Karachi, Pakistan
Yasmeen Anis Department of Geography, University of Karachi, Pakistan

Keywords:

Air Pollution, Urban Heat Island, climate change, Spatial Analysis, Urbanization

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in Sindh, Pakistan, particularly in urban centers like Karachi, have led to significant challenges related to air pollution and climate change. This study uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze air quality indices (AQI) in Sindh, focusing on particulate matter such as PM2.5. It offers a novel approach by visually mapping the spatial patterns and potential correlations between air pollution and temperature, a topic not extensively covered before. Through interpolation methods and temporal graphing of AQI values, the study identifies areas with high air pollution and examines their spatial distribution throughout the year. The comparison of PM2.5 concentrations with land surface temperature (LST) maps reveals patterns where higher pollution levels often align with urban centers, intensifying the urban heat island effect due to excess heat generated by human activities. Beyond impacting human health, air pollution affects ecosystems, soil, water, and biodiversity. The study highlights how areas with significant air pollution tend to have higher surface temperatures, indicating a direct link between pollution and temperature increases. However, the relationship is complex, as the effects of air pollution on climate are influenced by factors like geographic location, meteorological conditions, and pollutant composition. This research provides valuable insights into the spatial dynamics of atmospheric contamination and its implications for urban heat formation in Sindh, enhancing the understanding of how human activities, air quality, and climate change interact.

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