Evaluating Focal Mechanism of September 24,2013 Awaran Earthquake With Geospatial Techniques

Israr Ahmad; Rana Waqar Aslam; Lin Li; Muhammad Burhan Khalid; Waqas Abbas; Aqsa Aziz; Muhammad Nassar Ahmad; Ali Imam Mirza

Authors

Israr Ahmad State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
Rana Waqar Aslam Department of Geography, Government College University, Lahore
Lin Li School of Resource and Environmental Science), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
Muhammad Burhan Khalid Punjab University College of Information & Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Waqas Abbas Punjab University College of Information & Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
Aqsa Aziz Department of Geography, University of Punjab, Lahore.
Muhammad Nassar Ahmad State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
Ali Imam Mirza Department of Geography, Government College University Lahore

Keywords:

Awaran earthquake, Focal Mechanism, PREM Model, Green Function, GIS.

Abstract

Seismic records from IRIS (NIL, KBL, MSEY, KMI, QIZ, DGAR) were used to compute AWARAN September 24 2013 Earthquake's focal mechanism. Earthquakes are one of the most drastic threats that are likely to cause heavy human casualties and can destroy entire cities within minutes. We processed the waveform data from 6 separate stations for the computation of displacement. The issues related to attenuation have been overcome by the use of low frequencies (0.05-0.1). The crustacean model that determines the tensor PREM model's time is determined by minimizing the variance but produces a robust focal mechanism. Inverting the displacement data is applied to recover the moment tensor from the source, calculated the green feature with the reversal. GIS-based vectors of fault lines were abstracted by the digitization of regional tectonic lineaments and structural maps. We developed synthetic and observed surface shapes with a 100 percent dc correlation. Our understanding of the features of crustacean deformation and regional tectonics in the area will benefit from the resulting focus mechanisms. The measured earthquake focal mechanism is similar to a USGS agency hit, dip, and rake.

Full Text

References

Saifullah.M, Asghar. A, Ahmad.A.M, Zafar.M, Saman.S, Arshad A.M, Akhtar.A. “Computation of Temporal Decline to a Vanished Island (A Case Study Zalzala Koh)”. International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology, Vol 01 Issue 04: pp 142- 150, 2019.

Ambraseys, Nicholas, and Roger Bilham. “Earthquakes in Afghanistan , Seismological Research Letters, Vol 74 issue 2, pp: 107–23, 2002

Aochi, Hideo, Raul Madariaga, and Eiichi Fukuyama. “Constraint of Fault Parameters Inferred from Nonplanar Fault Modeling.” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol 4 issue 2 pp: 1–16. 2003.

Avouac, Jean Philippe et al. “The 2005, Mw 7.6 Kashmir Earthquake: Sub-Pixel Correlation of ASTER Images and Seismic Waveforms Analysis.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol 249, issue 3–4, pp: 514–28, 2006.

Barnhart, W. D. et al. “Evidence for Slip Partitioning and Bimodal Slip Behavior on a Single Fault: Surface Slip Characteristics of the 2013 Mw7.7 Balochistan, Pakistan Earthquake.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters , Vol 420, issue 12, pp: 1–11, 2015.

Bilham, Roger et al. “Seismic hazard in Karachi, Pakistan: Uncertain past, uncertain future” Seismological Research Letters , Vol 78, issue 6, pp: 601–13, 2007.

Bormann, Peter. “Global 1-D Earth Models 1 PREM Model.” Datasheet, Vol 1, issue 1, pp : 1–12, 2002.

Bouchon, Michel. “The Discrete Wave Number Formulation of Boundary Integral Equations and Boundary Element Methods: A Review with Applications to the Simulation of Seismic Wave Propagation in Complex Geological Structures.” Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol 148, issue1–2, pp : 3–20, 1996.

Buforn, E., C. Sanz de Galdeano, and A. Udías. “Seismotectonics of the Ibero- Maghrebian Region.” Tectonophysics , Vol 248, issue 3–4, pp: 247–61, 1995.

Buland, Ray, and Freeman Gilbert. “Matched filtering for the seismic moment tensors.” Geophysics research letter, Vol 3, issue 3, pp: 205–206, 1976.

Celerier, Bernard. “Seeking Anderson’s Faulting in Seismicity: A Centennial Celebration.” Reviews of Geophysics (2007), Vol 46, issue 4, pp: 1–34, 2008.

Dziewonski, Adam M. “Preliminary Reference Earth Model,” Physics of Earth Planet. Intereriors, Vol 25, issue 4, pp: 297–356, 1981.

Frohling, E., and W. Szeliga. “GPS Constraints on Interplate Locking within the Makran Subduction Zone.” Geophysical Journal International, Vol 205, issue 1, pp: 67–76, 2016.

Isacks, Bryan, and Peter Molnar. “Correction [to ‘Distribution of Stresses in the Descending Lithosphere from a Global Survey of Focal‐mechanism Solutions of Mantle Earthquakes’].” Reviews of Geophysics Vol 10, issue 3, pp: 847–847, 1972.

Kanamori, Hiroo, and Jeffrey W Given. “Use of long-period surface waves for rapid determination Of Earthquake-Source Parameters.” Physics of Earth Planet. Intereriors,Vol 27, issue 1, pp: 8–31, 1981.

Kikuchi, M, and H Kanamori. “Note on Teleseismic Body-Wave Inversion Program” Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo University, Japan, pp: 2335–50, 2003.

Lawrence, R. D. et al. “Thrust and Strike Slip Fault Interaction along the Chaman Transform Zone, Pakistan.” Geological Society Special Publication Vol 9, issue 1, pp: 363–70, 1981.

Mahmood, Irfan. “Revisiting major earthquakes in Pakistan.” Geology today.Vol 31, issue 1, pp: 33–38, 2015.

McCaffrey, Robert. “Earthquakes and Ophiolite Emplacement in the Molucca Sea Collision Zone, Indonesia.” Tectonics, Vol 10, issue 2, pp: 433–53, 1991.

Mokhtari, Mohammad, Ahmad Ala Amjadi, Leila Mahshadnia, and Mandana Rafizadeh. “A Review of the Seismotectonics of the Makran Subduction Zone as a Baseline for Tsunami Hazard Assessments.” Geoscience Letters, Vol 6, issue 1, pp: 1– 9, 2019.

MonaLisa, and M. Qasim Jan. “Awaran, Pakistan, Earthquake of Mw 7.7 in Makran Accretionary Zone, September 24 2013: Preliminary Seismotectonic Investigations.” Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Vol 52, issue 2, pp: 159–68, 2015.

Oglesby, D. D., and S. M. Day. “Fault Geometry and the Dynamics of the 1999 Chi- Chi, (Taiwan) Earthquake.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol 91, issue 5, pp : 1099–1111, 2001.

Patton, Howard. “Determination of Seismic Moment Tensor Using Surface Waves.” Tectonophysics, Vol 49, issue 3-4, pp: 213–22, 1978.

Platt, J. P., J. K. Leggett, and S. Alam. “Slip Vectors and Fault Mechanics in the Makran Accretionary Wedge, Southwest Pakistan.” Journal of Geophysical Research Vol 93, issue 137, pp: 7955–73, 1988.

Quittmeyer, R.C., and K.H. Jacob. “Historical and Modern Seismicity of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Northwestern India, and Southeastern Iran.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol 69, issue 3, pp: 773-823, 1979.

Reilinger, Robert et al. “GPS Constraints on Continental Deformation in the Africa- Arabia-Eurasia Continental Collision Zone and Implications for the Dynamics of Plate Interactions.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol 111, issue 5, pp: 1–26, 2006.

Ritsema, J., and T. Lay. “Long-Period Regional Wave Moment Tensor Inversion for Earthquakes in the Western United States.” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 100, issue 1, pp: 9853-9864, 1995.

Sekiguchi, Haruko, Tomotaka Iwata, and Izmit Bay. “Rupture Process of the 1999 Kocaeli , Turkey , Earthquake Estimated from Strong-Motion Waveforms.” (February) , Volume 92, issue 1, pp: 300–311, 2002.

Sipkin, Stuart A. “Estimation of Earthquake Source Parameters by the Inversion of Waveform Data: Synthetic Waveforms.” Physics of Earth and planetary interiors, Vol 30, issue 2-3, pp: 242–59, 1982.

Sokos, Efthimios N., and Jiri Zahradnik. “ISOLA a Fortran Code and a Matlab GUI to Perform Multiple-Point Source Inversion of Seismic Data.” Computers and Geosciences, Vol 34, issue 8, pp: 967–77, 2008.

Stich, Daniel, Charles J. Ammon, and Jose Morales. “Moment Tensor Solutions for Small and Moderate Earthquakes in the Ibero-Maghreb Region.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Vol 108, issue B3, pp: 1-4, 2003.

Vernant, Ph et al. “Present-Day Crustal Deformation and Plate Kinematics in the Middle East Constrained by GPS Measurements in Iran and Northern Oman.” Geophysical Journal International Vol 157, issue 1 pp : 381–98, 2004.

Wessel, Paul, and Walter H.F. Smith. “Free Software Helps Map and Display Data.” Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union Vol 72, issue 41, pp : 441–46, 1991.

38 Wiedicke, M., S. Neben, and V. Spiess. “Mud Volcanoes at the Front of the Makran Accretionary Complex, Pakistan.” Marine Geology, Vol 172, issue 1–2, pp: 57–73, 2001.